Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes and the Greatest Lie - For the Folks

In the People arena, there is the supposed knowledge about evolution that has been used as argument for a serie of events that intended to prove, or justify. People think that, for example, a systematic selection in an competitive environment is a good example of Natural Selection. This kind of survival of the fittest is in my opinion, the Greatest Lie that persists, because is one that supports as Natural something that isn't.

In a complex environment, or reality, Natural Selection isn't the systematic, or competitive actor, Sexual Selection is. So, in a complex world, systematic selection is Sexual Selection accordingly to a logic, or abstraction, that in reality, is the only product of the so argued Natural Selection. However, in the best interest of that logic, or abstraction, it's important that the competitors, or elements, fighting for its acceptance, believe in their competition as a sort of Natural Selection, were in fact, is Sexual Selection. This is the picture of the Greatest Lie.

"After the origin of eukaryotes the next transition suggested by Maynard Smith is the origin of sex. Sexual reproduction, the sharing of genes between two individuals to produce offspring, is normally viewed as a primary character trait of all eukaryotes. There are many eukaryote species that can reproduce asexually, but there are only a few that must reproduce asexually, and in those cases it is usually clear that they stem from sexual ancestors - They have given up sex, rather than never having had it in the first place." - Tim Lenton, Andrew Watson, 2001, Revolutions that Made the Earth

Next we will see the differences traditionally used to distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes listed by Mayrd.

Property	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
Cell size	Small, ~1-10µm	Large, usually 10-100µm
Nucleus	Absent	Present
Endoplasmic membranes	Absent	Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus present
DNA	Single circular chromosome, not complexed with proteins. No introns, few transposable elements	Multiple linear chromosomes contained in nucleus. Many introns, transposable elements
Cytoskeleton	Absent	Present
Organelles	Absent	Present (mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, chloroplasts, etc...)
Metabolism	Diverse	Mostly aerobic
Cell wall	Protein wall in (eu)bacteria	Cellulose or chitin, none in animals
Genetic recombination	Lateral gene transfer	Meiosis/sex
Cell division	Binary fission	By mitosis
Flagella	Rotating	Undulating cilia
Respiration	On membranes	Mitochondria
Environmental tolerance	Wide range of temperatures, pressures, chemical tolerance, resistance to desiccation.	Narrower range of tolerance

Adapted from: Mayar, 2002, What Evolution Is

If you are one of those strongly committed to the Natural Selection dogma, you should read the following sentences:

"If sex did not reduce variation, then there would be as many species as there are individuals" - Charles Darwin (1838-1839)

"Sex usually results in extreme slowing of evolution" - Root Gorelick Henry H. Q. Heng, 2010.Sex Reduces Genetic Variation: A Multidisciplinary Review

"We reviewed arguments from a diverse assemblage of biologists—ecologists, cancer biologists, population geneticists, paleontologists, molecular biologists, genome theorists, epigeneticists—who implore that sex reduces genetic variation." - Root Gorelick Henry H. Q. Heng, 2010.Sex Reduces Genetic Variation: A Multidisciplinary Review

In the end, it will be obvious that Sexual Selection is like a wedge, maintaining the achieved evolution and encapsulating the entropy of Natural Selection inside the organism's layer. In this way, the achieved evolution is protected at the cost of wasted organisms, washing away any entropy from Natural Selection. However, this view stills very oppressed, because Natural Selection exclusivity is the spine of the contemporaneous philosophy, serving the status quo.

But this is supposed to be for the Folks' eyes, right? Yes, it is. And so, I draw my own table to make clear what is and what isn't Natural Selection in a complex environment, a table that works as an instrument to avoid folks being fools.

Property	Natural Selection	Sexual Selection
Subject	Species	Organisms
Timing	A posteriori	A Priori
Frequency	Sporadic	Systematic
Effect	Diversity	Sameness
Vulnerability	Entropy	Induction
Universe	Logical	Physical
Evolution	Achievable	Unachievable
Concept	Dynamic	Static
Action	Liberal	Repressive
Expression	Cooperative	Competitive
Interaction	Complementary	Segregative
Condition	Unstable	Stable
Nature	Randomness	Intentional/cognitive

Natural or Sexual Selection, the good question.

The first question you should make about yourself is, are you an organism? Now, even if you made part of a very strict military selection, for a special force, you may be made to think in that selection as Natural Selection. But think a little more, where is the Logic? Is the military soldier the Logical or the Physical element? The answer is simple, the soldier is the physical element. But where is the logical one? Well, the process of military selection itself is the logical element. Is the criteria for the "good soldier" that in the future will be Natural Selected, not the soldier itself, the last one was Sexual Selected in the past, in a systematic way!

Now the Greatest Truth. Your condition of organism, no matter the species you belong to (obviously one), puts you in a state of systematic testing. Because you belong to the physical world, evolution for you is an unachievable thing, the only thing that achieved something was the Species. This Greatest truth is a dramatic one when it comes to organisms, it's the drama of systematic provision of your good will for what the species it's concern, a provision that isn't meant to be definitely achievable, except for the logical element, the species itself.

But there is more, it's not only how the organism is made, it's also what that same organism wants. Think a little, what is connecting organisms that makes them wish essentially the same? Do you think that, because something is thought in an common way turns out to be a fact? Think in optical illusion, is not that common in humans? The conclusion is obvious, your will comes from the species, your feelings of reward or regret are constructions that are to much common to be really yours.

For those organisms that make questions about the meaning of life, and about the path to happiness, here is the answer:

"Life is waste, and happiness relief."

Is this pessimist? Well, all depends, if are the species commanding the organisms or vice versa. Until now, the species have been ruling with no exception.


A Good Soldier like a Good Specimen under the Species' Eyes